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DIRECTION OF KA'BAH
FROM VARIOUS CITIES
CHAPTER
I |
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The
word 'Ibadah comes from the Arabic "Abd", which means slave or
servant. Man is a born subject and servant of Allah. When he turns to Allah
with humility and devotion, he performs an act of `Ibadah. `Ibadah is a means
purifying man's physical and spiritual life. In Islam, every good deed
performed to seek the pleasure of Allah is an act of worship. The obligatory rituals
of `Ibadah are prayers (Salah), fasting (Saum), Zakah, pilgrimage (Hajj), and
struggling in the ways of Allah (Jehad). These along with Iman are often
called the pillars of Islam. Islam is an integral whole. It covers all
aspects of man's life. The pillars unite all human activities, spiritual and material,
individual and collective. The obligatory rituals
of `Ibadah make "faith" (Iman) to play a practical and effective
role in the human life. `Ibadah is therefore something positive. It is the
means by which the faithfuls can serve Allah as well as their fellow men. The Salah, which is
the subject of this booklet, is an essential part of 'Ibadah. The Prophet
(S.A.W.) is reported to have said: "Salah is the pillar of Islam and
whosoever abandons it, demolishes the very pillar of religion". |
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Chapter II TAHARAH |
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Before
a person can say his prayer, he must be clean and pure. The Qur'an says:
"Truly Allah loves those who turn to Him and those who care for
cleanliness". Cleanliness of mind, of body, and of clothes is called
Taharah or purification. It is only in such a condition of purification that
a Muslim may perform the Salah. Purification of the
body is attained by partial or total washing with clean water. The partial
wash is known as Al-Wudu or the ablution, and the total wash is called
Al-Ghusl or the washing (bath) of the whole body. |
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Al-Wudu The
process of performing Wudu is as follows: |
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Mention
the name of Allah by saying "Bismilla-Hir-Rahma-Nir-Rah'im" (in the
name of Allah, the Beneficent, the Merciful).
Wash both hands up to
the wrists together three times, ensuring that every part including between
the fingers is wetted by water as shown in figures 1, (a) and (b). |
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Taking
a handful of water into the mouth, rinse the mouth three times as shown in
figure 2. |
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Snuff
water contained in the right palm into the nose and then eject the water with
the left hand (thrice) - as shown in figures 3 and 4. |
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Wash
the face, ear to ear, forehead to chin, three times as shown in figures 5, 6
and 7. |
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Wash
the right arm thoroughly from the wrist to the elbow three times. Repeat the
same with the left hand - as shown in figures 8 and 9. |
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Run
moistened hands over the head from forehead to the back and back to forehead
(once) - as in figures 10, 11 and 12. |
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Run
moistened fingers through the ears, the first finger of each hand going
across the inside of the corresponding ear, while the thumb runs across the
outside (once) - as shown in figure 13. |
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Wash
both feet up to the ankles starting from the right and ensuring that all
parts particularly between the toes are wetted - as shown in figure 14. If
you had performed complete "Wudu" before putting on your socks or
stockings, it is not necessary to remove them when you want to repeat the
performance of "Wudu". It is enough to wipe over the stockinged
feet with wet hands. This may be done for a period of one day, (and three
days on journey) on the condition that the socks or stockings are never
removed. |
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If
they are removed, it is necessary to re-wash the feet for Wudu. The process
ends with the recitation of the Kalimatus-Shahadah. |
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A
fresh performance of Wudu is necessary if one breaks wind, touches genitals,
or becomes sexually excited, or pays a visit to the lavatory, or falls into
sleep lying down, or vomits violently, or incurs a flow of blood from an
injury, or a flow of impure fluid. |
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AL-GHUSL (THE WASHING
OR |
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The
greater purification, Ghusl, is obligatory when one is defiled as a result of
nocturnal emission (or a wet dream), marital intercourse, child birth, or
when entering into the fold of Islam. The procedure is as
follows: |
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TAYAMMUM |
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On
certain occasions, it may become either impossible (eg. when water cannot be
found or just enough for drinking is available), or it is dangerous, because
of illness, to use water for Wudu or Ghusl. In such situations, Tayammum (dry
ablution) is perform ed. The procedure: Begin with the name of
Allah. Strike both palms on sand, or anything containing sand or dust, like a
wall or a stone etc. Pass the palms of the hands over the face once. Strike
the sand etc., again with the palms. Rub the right hand with the left palm
from the wrist to the elbow and similarly for the left hand with the right
palm. Finish with the Kalimatus-Shahadah as for Wudu. |
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CHAPTER
III THE
CONDUCT OF SALAH |
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In
this section, some guide lines for the correct performance of Salah are
given. The most important
pre-requisite, Wudu (ablution), is explained in the last chapter. Other
important condition are: |
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1.
TIME Each of the Salah must
be offered at or during its proper time. No Salah can be said before its
time. There are five obligatory prayers in a day.
2. DRESS Before offering your
Salah make sure that you are properly dressed. For men and boys, the dress
should be such that it covers their bodies from the navel to the knees at
least. Women are required to
cover themselves from head to foot, leaving only the face and hands
uncovered. The dress for Salah must be clean and free from all filth. During
the monthly period women are free from obligation of Salah. 3. PLACE Wherever a man might
be, he can turn towards Allah in Salah and in devotion. The prophet has said,
"The (whole of the) earth has been rendered for me a mosque: pure and
clean". Preferably Salah is to be offered in jama'at (congregation).
Whenever possible, one should pray facing the Ka'bah, Makkah. FARD OR NAFILAH Salah is composed of the
Fard (obligatory) and the Nafilah (superogatory) prayers. The Fard Salah are
five in a day. Failure to perform any one of them is a blameable sin. The
Nafilah includes the Sunnah, which the Prophet (S.A.W.) used to perform
regularly before or after each Fard Salah. |
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PRAYERS IN SPECIAL
CIRCUMSTANCES When in circumstances
where it is not possible to pray, or when on journey, you are permitted to
shorten Salah. Such a shortened prayer is known as Salatul-Qasr. When travelling one
may offer two raka'ats in place of four raka'ats in Zuhr, Asr and 'Isha, but
there is no change in the two raka'ats of Fajr and three raka'ats of Maghrib
Salah. Besides this concession in Fard Salah, one may leave all the
additional Sunnah except the two Sunnah raka'ats of Fajr and the Witr of
'Isha prayer. But a section of Muslims do perform Sunnah even when on a
journey. In case the stay at
any one place during the journey exceeds a fortnight, complete the Salah,
with all the Fard and Sunnah raka'ats must be offered. If you are sick, you
may offer your Salah in a sitting position or Iying in bed, by making signs
in place of the physical movements. In journey, in
sickness and in other emergencies, one is allowed to offer two separate Salah
jointly. Thus Zuhr and 'Asr can be said together in the last part of the
period of Zuhr, Maghrib and 'Isha may also be offered similarly towards the
end of Maghrib time (when it is almost dark). THE CALL TO PRAYER
ADHAN To assemble the
Muslims for congregational prayer, "Adhan", or the call to prayer
is given. The caller (Mu'adh-dhin) stands facing Ka'bah (Qiblah), and raising
his hands to his ears calls in a loud voice: |
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ALLAHU AKBAR |
ALLAHU AKBAR |
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ALLAHU AKBAR |
ALLAHU AKBAR |
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ASH-HADU AL-LA ILAHA
ILLALLAH |
ASH-HADU AL-LA ILAHA
ILLALLAH |
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ASH-HADU AN-NA
MUHAMMADAR-RASULULAH |
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ASH-HADU AN-NA
MUHAMMADAR-RASULULAH |
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HAYYA 'ALAS SALAH |
HAYYA 'ALAS SALAH |
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HAYYA 'ALAL FALAH |
HAYYA 'ALAL FALAH |
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ALLAHU AKBAR |
ALLAHU AKBAR |
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LA ILAHA ILLALLAH |
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In
Adhan for Fajr Salah, the following sentence is added after: |
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HAYYA 'ALAL FALAH |
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ASSALATU KHAYRUM MINAN
NAUM |
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DU'A
AFTER ADHAN
On completion of the
Adhan, Muslims are recommended to recite |
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ALLAHUMMA RABBA
HADHI-HID-DA'WA-TIT-TAMMAH |
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WAS-SALATIL QAAE-MATI
MUHAMMADANIL-WASILATA |
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WAL FADI-LAT
WAD-DARAJATAR RAFI-A WAB
'ATH-HU MAQAMAM-MAHMUDA-NI LATHI WA `ADTAK WAR-ZUQ-NA
SHA FA 'ATAHU YAUM-AL-QIYAMAH IN-NAKA
LA-TUKHULIFUL-MI`AD IQAMAH |
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After
Adhan when the Muslims are assembled at the place of worship, a second call
(Iqamah) is recited by one of the group. This signals the start of the
congregational Salah. It is similar to Adhan except that it is recited faster
but in a lower tone and these sentences are recited after HAYYA 'ALAL FALAH: |
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QAD QAMATIS SALAH |
QAD QAMATIS SALAH |
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CHAPTER IV THE
CONTENTS OF Salah in Islam is a
unique institution. It brings man closer to Allah by harmonising his mental
attitude with physical posture. In Salah, a Muslim submits himself completely
to his Creator. When you are sure that
you have fulfilled all the necessary conditions for Salah, you ready to offer
Salah. A detailed account of how to say Salah is given below: |
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Say to yourself that
you intend to offer this Salah(Fajr, Zuhr, 'Asr, Maghrib or 'Isha) Fard or
Sunnah. Then raise your hands to your ears (as in figure 15) |
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ALLAHU AKBAR |
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NOTE: Ladies lift
their hands up to their shoulders only as shown above. |
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Now placing your right
hand on the left, just below, above or on the navel (as shown in figure 18 -
and ladies placing their hands on their chest as shown in figure 17b) recite
the following: |
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O
Allah, Glorified, praise worthyMuslim-SA@acsu.buffalo.edu
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WATABARAKAS-MUKA WATA`
and blessed is They Name and exalted Thy Majesty
WA-LA
ILAHA GHAIRUK
and there is no deity worthy of worship except Thee.
A`U-THU-BIL-LA-HI
MINASHAITANIR RAJEEM
I seek refuge in Allah from the rejected Satan
BISMILAHIR
RAHMANIR RAHIM
In the Name of Allah, the Beneficent, the Merciful.
After
this recite the opening Surah, Al-Fatihaha:
ALHAMDU
LIL-LAHI RAB-BIL `ALAMIN
Praise be to Allah, Lord of the worlds.
AR-RAHMAN-NIR
RAHIM
the Beneficent, ther Merciful
MALIKI
YAW-MID-DIN
Master of the Day of Judgement
IYYA-KA
N`ABUDU WA-IYYAKA NASTA`IN
Thee alone we worship and to Thee alone we turn for help.
IHDI-NAD-SIRA TAL MUSTAQIM
Guide us in the straight path.
SIRA
TAL-LATHINA AN-`AMTA `ALIAHIM
the path of those whom You favoured
GHAIRIL
MAGHDUBI `ALAINHIM
and who did not deserve Thy anger
WALAD-HALLIN
(AMEEN)
or went astray.
Now
recite the following or any other passage from the Holy Qur`an:
BISMILA-HIR
RAHMA-NIR RAHIM
In the Name of Allah, the Beneficent, ther Merciful
QUL
HU-WAL-LAHO AHAD
Say: Allah is one and the only God
ALLA-HUS-SA-MAD
Allah, upon whom all depend
LAM
YALID WALAM YULAD
He begots not, nor is He begotten,
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WALAM YAKUL-LAHU
KUFU-WAN AHAD |
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Now bow down saying: |
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Place
your hands on your knees and in this inclined position (Ruku` as shown in
figure 19) recite these words thrice: |
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SUBHANA RAB-BI-YAL
ATHIM |
Postrure
for ladies in Ruku` is slighty different to that of a man
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SUBHANA RAB-BI-YAL
ATHIM |
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SUBHANA RAB-BI-YAL
ATHIM |
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Then
come to the standing position (figure 21 & 22) saying: |
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SAMI `ALLAHU LIMAN
HAMIDAH |
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RAB-BANA LAKAL HAMD |
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Now
saying "Allahu Akbar" prostrate on the ground with your forehead,
the knees the nose and palms of both hands touching the ground. In this
position ajdah - as in figure 23, 24 & 25) repeat these words three times
at least: |
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SUBHANA RAB-BI-YAL A` |
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SUBHANA RAB-BI-YAL A` |
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Sit
upright with knees still on the ground after a moments rest perform the
second Sajdah saying: |
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ALLAHU AKBAR |
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In
the second Sajdah as before recite the following words thrice: |
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SUBHANA RAB-BI-YAL
A'ALA |
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This
completes one raka'at of Salah. The second raka'at is. said in the same way
except that after the second Sajdah you sit back, with the left foot bent
towards the right, which should be placed vertical to the mat with the toes
touching the mat. The palms should be lifted from the mat and placed on the
knees. |
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In
this position (Q'adahas shown in figures 26 and 27 silently say these words
(Tashahhud): |
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AT-TAHI-YATU LIL-LAHI
WAS-SALAWATU WAT- AS-SALAMU
`ALAIKA AY-YUHAN-NABIY-YU WARAHMATUL-LAHI
WABARAKATUH AS-SALAMU
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ASH-HADU AL-LA ILAHA
IL-LAL-LAHU |
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WA-ASH-HADU AN-NA
MUHAMMADAN `ABDUHU WARASULUH |
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In
a three raka`at (i.e. Maghrib) or four raka`at (like Zuhr, `Asr and `Isha)
Salah you stand up for the remaining raka`at after Tashahhud. On the other
had if it is a two raka`at (Fajr) Salah, keep sitting and after this recite
Darud (blessing for the Prophet) in these words: |
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AL-LAHUM-MA SAL-LI`ALA
MUHAMMAD-IN WA `ALA ALI MUHAMMADIN AL-LAHUM-MA
SALAITA ` IN-NAKA
HAMIDUM MAJEED AL-LAHUM-MA
BARIK MUHAMMAD-IN |
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WA 'ALA ALI MUHAMMADIN KAMABARAKTA
' IN-NAKA
HAMIDUM-MAJEED |
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Then
say silently: |
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RAB-BIJ-'ALNI
MUQIMAS-SALATI WAMIN DHUR-RIY-YATI RAB-BANA
WATAQAB-BAL DU'A' RAB-BIGH FIRLI WA
LIWALIDAY-YA WALIL-MU'MININA YAUMA YAQUM-UL HISAB |
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Now
turn your face to the right (as in figure 30) saying; |
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AS-SALAMU 'ALAIKUM
WA-RAHMATUL-LAH |
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Then
turn your face to the left (as in figure 31) and repeat the above words
(aloud). This completes your
two raka'at Salah. The four raka'at of Zuhr, 'Asr and 'Isha are said in an
identical manner with the only difference that in the first two Raka'at of
Zuhr and 'Asr, Al-Fatihah is said silently while in 'Isha prayer it is recited
aloud. If you are performing
a three raka'at (like Maghrib) or four raka'at (like Zuhr, 'Asr and 'Isha)
Salah stand up after Tashahhud saying ALLAHU AKBAR and recite Al-Fatihah. You
must remember that Al-Fatihah is always recited silently in the third and
fourth raka'at of every Salah. When you are offering Fard Salah do not recite
any additional passage from the Holy Qur'an after Al-Fatihah in the last two
raka'at. After the second Sajdah in the fourth raka'at say the Tashahhud,
Darud and end with "AS-SALAMU 'ALAIKUM WA-RAHMATUL-LAH" to each
side (first right, then left as shown in the above pictures). This marks the
end of Salah. |
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CHAPTER V SUNNAH
AND NAFILAH OR ADDITIONAL PRAYER
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As
you can see in the chart below, each Salah is composed of (a) Fard, the
prescribed prayers, (b) Sunnah and (c) Nafilah or additional prayers. The
Holy Prophet (peace be upon him) said these additional prayers before or
after the prescribed (Fard) prayers. These are therefore recommended. The
sequence of these additional prayers in each Salah is given below: |
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Name of Salah |
Number of Sunnah before Fard |
Number of Fard |
Number of Sunnah after Fard |
Number of Nafilah |
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Fajr |
2 |
2 |
- |
- |
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Zuhr |
4 |
4 |
2 |
2 |
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`Asr |
4 |
4 |
- |
- |
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Maghrib |
- |
3 |
2 |
2 |
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`Isha |
4 |
4 |
2 |
2+3+2 |
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SALAT-UL-WITR The three raka'at
prayers said after the Fard and Sunnah of the 'Isha is called Salat-ul-Witr.
It is strongly recommended in the practice of the Holy Prophet (peace be upon
him) and is Wajib (necessary) according to one section of Muslims. Others
regard it a mere Sunnah Salah. The first two raka'at
of this Salat-ul-Witr are said like the first two raka'at of the Maghrib
prayers. In the third raka'at after Al-Fatihah, recite some additional Surah
or verses of the Qursan. |
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Then,
saying ALLAHU AKBAR raise your hands above your shoulders, fold your hands,
and recite the following or any other similar Du'a silently. This is called
Dua-al-Qunut or the prayer of submission: |
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ALLAHUM-MA IN-NA
NASTA'INUKA WANASTAGHFIRUKA WANU'MINU
BIKA WANATAWAK-KALU 'ALAIKA WANUTHNI
' WALANAKFURUKA
WANAKHLA'U WANATRUKU MAY-YAF
JURUK ALLAHUM-MA IY-YAKA N'ABUDU
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WALAKA NUSAI -LI
WA-NASJUDU WA-ILAIKA NAS'A WANAHFIDU
WANARJU RAHMATAKA WANAKHSHA ADHABAKA IN-NA
'ADHABAKA BIL KUF-FARI MULHIQ |
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After
this saying ALLAHU AKBAR bow down in Ruku' and then complete the rest of the
prayers like the Maghrib prayers. |
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Name of Salah |
Period |
Number of Fard Raka`at
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1st two Raka'at, aloud
or silent |
Before Fard |
After Fard |
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Sunnah or Nafilah |
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Fajr |
Between Dawn until |
2 |
Aloud |
2 |
None |
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Zuhr |
Between just past |
4 |
Silent |
4 |
2+2 |
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`Asr |
Between mid afternoon
until before sunset |
4 |
Silent |
4 |
None |
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Maghrib |
Between just after
sunset until dark |
3 |
Aloud |
None |
2+2 |
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`Isha |
Between dark and
shortly before dawn |
4 |
Aloud |
4 |
2+2+3+2 |
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CHAPTER VI |
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JUMU'AH
(or Friday) Prayer Beside the daily
Salah, the Friday prayer is also obligatory upon Muslim men. For Muslim women
it is not obligatory, but is desirable if they are able to do so without
upsetting their household work. The Friday Salah is
offered in congregation on Friday at Zuhr time. First the Imam delivers a
sermon (Khutabh). Then he leads the congregation in a two raka'at Salah.
After this two or more raka'at of Sunnah or Nafilah prayers are offered
individually. TARAWIH (or Ramadan)
PRAYER These prayers are
offered during the month of Ramadan after 'Isha Salah. These consist of
eight, twelve or twenty raka'at, and are offered two by two with a short rest
between every four raka'at. They may be said alone but 4 collective prayers
are recommended. These are additional 4 Sunnah prayers. THE `ID PRAYERS
(Salatul-`ldayu) There are two 'Id or
occasions of great festivity for the Muslims. The first is called ldul-Fitr
or the festival of fastbreaking. It is celebrated on the first day of the
tenth Islamic month (Shawwal) following Ramadan, the month of fasting. It
marks great thanks-giving for the Muslims all over the world. The second 'Id is the
`Idul-Adha or the festival of great sacrifice, which is observed on the tenth
of Dhul-Hijjah, the last Islamic month. The animals are sacrificed to
celebrate the great sacrifice of the Prophet Ibrahim (peace be upon him) |
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On
both these `Ids, Id prayers are offered in congregation any time after
sunrise and before A sermon (Khutbah) is
delivered by the Imam (leader of the prayer) after the two raka'at Id prayer
unlike the Jumuiah prayer when it precedes the prayer. The presence of all
Muslims, women and children included, is strongly recommended. FUNERAL PRAYERS It is a prayer to
Allah for a deceased Muslim, and is a common obligation on all Muslims of the
locality. The funeral Salah is offered in congregation but unlike other
formal prayers, it has neither any Ruku' (bowing) nor any Sajdah
(prostration). Here it is the complete sequence of he funeral prayer. Saying Takbir (Allahu
Akbar) with the rest of the congregation raise your hands to your ears, then
bring them down on, above or below the navel as in formal , prayers with the
right hand on the left. Then recite the following praise or |
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SUBHANAKAL-LA HUM-MA
WABIH-AMDIKA WATABARA-KASMUKA
WATA'ALA JADDUKA |
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WAJJAL-LA THANA'OKA
WALA ILAHA GHAIRUK |
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After
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ALLAHUM-MA SALLE 'ALA
MUHAMMADIW WA
'ALA ALI MUHAMMADIN KAMA
SALLAITA ' WA
'ALA ALI IBRAHIMA IN-NAKA
HAMIDUM MAJEED ALLAHUM-MA
Bi4RIK ' |
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WA ALA ALI MUHAMMADIN KAMA
BARAKTA ' WA
'ALA ALI IBRAHIMA IN-NAKA
HAMIDUM-MAJEED |
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(a)
Now in case the deceased Muslim is an adult, recite this Dua: |
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ALLAHUM-MAGHFIRLI-HAYYINA
WAMAYYITINA WASHAHIDINA
WAGHA'IBINA WASAGHIRINA
WAKABIRINA |
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WADHAKARINA WAUNTHANA ALLAHUM-MA
MAN-AHYAYTAHU MIN-NA FA-AHYIHI 'ALAL ISLAM WAMAN
TAWAF-FAITAHU MIN-NA FATAWAF-FAHU 'ALAL-IMAN |
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(b)
If the deceased is an adult woman substitute the last two lines with the
following: |
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ALLAHUM-MA MAN
AHYAITAHA MIN-NA FA AHYIHA 'ALAL ISLAM WAMANTAWAF-FAITAHA
MIN-NA FATAWAF-FA HA 'ALAL IMAN |
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(c)
If the deceased is a minor and a boy then recite this Du'a: |
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ALLAHUM-MA J'ALHU LANA
FARATAW |
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WAJ`JALHULANA
ARJAW-WADHUKHRAW WAJ`ALHULANA
SHAFI`AW MUSHF-FAA |
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(d)
If the deceased is a minor and a girl, then recite this Du`a |
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ALLAHUM-MA-J`ALHALANA
FARTAW WAJ`JALHALANA
AJRAW WADHUKHRAW WAJ`JALHALANA
SHAFI'ATAW WA-MUSHAF-FA'AH |
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After
this the Imam gain says aloud "Allahu Akbar". The congregation
repeats these words silently. Then the Imama and the Muslims turn their faces
first to the right and then to the left side saying As-salamu-Alaikum Wa-Rahmatullah
on either side |
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Muslim-SA@acsu.buffalo.edu
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PERSONAL PRAYER (DU`A)
AFTER SALAH: |
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When
you have completed your Fard or Sunnah prayers, you may pray to Allah in your
own words offering him praise, thanksgiving or asking him for forgiveness for
yourself or other Muslims or your own dear and near ones. For this Du`a keep
sitting after the obligatory prayers, hold up your hands near each other with
the palms up and fingers slightly bent (as shown in figure 32). In this
position you may offer anyone of these or other personal prayers: |
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ALLAHUM-MA ANTAS-SALAM
WA-MINKAS-SALAM TABARAKTA
YA-DHALJALALI WAL-IKRAM ALLAHUM-MA-GHFIRLI
WALIWALDAYYA WALI USTADHI |
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Muslim-SA@acsu.buffalo.edu
Last modified:
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WALIJAMI'LMU'MININA
WAL MUMINATI WAL MUSLIMINA WAL MUSLIMAT BIRAHMATIKA
YA-ARHAMAR-RAHIMIN |
Muslim-SA@acsu.buffalo.edu
Last modified: